Not all my travel writing comes from personal
observation. I mix in research as long
as it’s not too difficult. I was anxious
to find out more about Century Lake when I returned to the shack: its size,
history, estimated fish population, whatever I could turn up. Google makes it so easy to identify sources
and shop facts these days. My search
however turned up nothing. A search of
Century Lake Ontario quickly devolved into various shipwrecks over several
centuries found in Lake Ontario. There
is a Century Lodge on Eagle Lake Ontario.
But Century Lake, the one I came to know? No footprint at all on the web. Pretty amazing.
I found a lot of general information. There are an estimated 3 Million lakes in
Canada, 250,000 of them in Ontario, and 3,899 of those greater than 3 square
kilometers. Ontario Province lists but
155 lakes on its lake management webpage, which leads me to believe Century
Lake and others like it are unmanaged.
The Canadian Wildlife Federation page had one of those (who cares?)
discussions on the definition of a lake versus a body of water in a larger
flowage system, which I stopped reading quickly. Wikipedia only listed Ontario lakes greater
than 150 square miles in surface area.
The on line maps didn’t help.
Many, no most, of the lakes in Canada are unnamed. So far I have no objective proof that Century
Lake exists save for the tiny laminated map we carried in our boats put
together by our outfitter that shows only the east side of Century Lake but
does contain the name. That and the fact
that my friends and I fished it. Others
surely know about it. But there is
nothing specific to go on.
At first I was frustrated at finding no information but then
grew to like the fact that it is obscure, has escaped notice in this new world
of so much data. I hope I don’t
contribute to its fame. I don’t think
this blog is much of a threat. However in
searching for something particular I learned a lot in general. That happens a lot here in the shack. Here’s what I know.
Century Lake is near these coordinates: 51.4603 N and
-94.795189 W. It’s in Ontario’s Woodland
Caribou Provincial Park. A guy in Red
lake at the outfitters told me Job Lake, within miles of Century Lake, is about
52 miles north and west of Red Lake as the crow flies, although if I’m not
wrong it is too far north for crows.
What look like crows up there are ravens. And “as the crow flies” is the only practical
way to travel. There are no roads. Birds and float planes have it the easiest.
My personal history with Century Lake is limited to eight
hours, and my experience in the area only 21 days, three annual fishing trip of
a full week over the past three years. Century
and its neighboring lakes have been there a lot longer. Much longer as it turns out. Way before rods and reels were invented that’s
for sure.
As I fished I became obsessed with how long walleye as a
specie has been living in Century Lake, but no one seemed to know how long fish
have existed let alone walleye. At some
point I said who cares and moved on. But
my hunch was that walleye and Century Lake go together like bread and butter,
and have for some time. Time is, of
course, extremely relative. I devoted an
unusual amount of it studying the genesis and development of the main elements
of my trip: the lake, the fish, and the
men who catch them. In doing so I
learned a lot.
My curiosity was kicked off by a history teacher on the trip
who said while talking in the car (it’s a long drive) that the Canadian Shield,
a huge rock cap covering the earth in the area through which we were driving,
was Pre Cambrian rock.
“What’s Pre Cambrian mean?”
He explained by describing an exercise he used while
teaching to illustrate geology and time in the minds of his students. He would put a timeline on a long banner of
paper wrapped around the walls of the school gym with different colors
representing the earth’s various geologic periods up to the current year. The earth’s Pre Cambrian period was the
timeline’s longest section, 7/8ths of the history of the earth. Man’s time on the earth was but a narrow
strip in contrast.
“What’s Pre Cambrian mean when you talk about rocks?”
“It means the rocks contain no fossils whatsoever. From that they assume the rock existed when
the earth was first formed but before life as we know it existed on earth.”
“No kidding. So Pre
Cambrian rock is how old?”
“Anywhere from 4.5 Billion years old, when we think the
earth was formed, to the beginning of the Cambrian period which started 540
million years ago.” (A billion, for
those of you who forget like I do, is a thousand million. 9 zeroes.)
“So what first showed up in rocks that changed Pre Cambrian
to Cambrian?” I wish I could have been a
student in that gym to see for myself.
“Simple stuff that began in the sea. The sea leached minerals out of the rock and
it became something of a soup that grew bacteria. Algae. That was all there was for about a billion
more years and then multi celled organisms began to evolve. More complex life forms.”
“Wow. And the lakes
up here formed when?”
“Well, glaciers advanced and retreated several times over
Ontario and the Great Lakes area. After the
last one subsided these lakes we fish would have been formed. Hard to tell exactly when they first showed
up as lakes really, but a very long time ago.
Five million years I’d say.” I checked. He was right.
The Cubs’ World Series drought sounds a lot shorter when you
think in these terms. When you talk
about geology and the beginning of life you’re talking about big, big stretches
of time. They’re hard to imagine.
“When did walleye show up in those lakes?”
“I have no idea.”
The story on fish is a whole other thing.
Fish started in the ocean when an organism like coral,
commonly known as the sea squirt, changed into something else and remained
something long and tube like for a hell of a long time. If men existed then, which they didn’t, they
would have had little fun catching those fish ancestors. Catching the earliest form of fish fish would
be like hooking a worm. Ironic isn’t it?
I’ll spare you the details, but it took at least 121 million
years million years, from 541 mya to 420 mya (mya is short for million years
ago) for fish to develop jaws, which is a big deal to the folks that study the
evolution of fish. They’re pretty sure
jawed fish were flourishing in freshwater 383 mya, but after that my sources went
off detailing how fish grew feet, evolved to breathe air, became amphibians,
walked on land, and then morphed into mammals.
That’s all fine and good but it’s a hell of a long story and I just want
to know where and when walleye came about.
It turns out to be complicated.
Fish back then had a tendency towards going extinct, dying off and
coming back differently, messing up everything linear. We love stories that are linear.
One of the oldest fish now alive, the fish with the
longest evolutionary winning streak you could say, is the sturgeon, which lives
and looks today just as it did 245 mya in the Triassic period when it was first
identified by fossils. Did walleye come
from sturgeon? I don’t know. Let me put you directly on the walleye
track.
The walleye we were catching on Century Lake are one of five
species of the genus Sander, ours being Sander Vitreous. Sander Vitreous has two sub species, make
that had two subspecies as the blue
pike was declared extinct in 1983, whereas the yellow pike subspecies (like #82
from the previous post) lives on. Shit happens
still, like the blue pike’s extinction from changing weather patterns and overfishing,
in the world of fish. Evolution goes on.
From fossils the experts have it figured that Sander
diverged and became its own species 24.6 mya, and that the European and North
American species diverged 15.4 mya, making the walleye in Century Lake a
relative rookie to the fish game compared to the Sturgeon. I digress, but I got this material from some
biologist’s dissertation on the 4th page of a Google search. In it I also learned that the North American
walleye have a higher level of genetic diversity suggesting “fewer Pleistocene
glacial bottlenecks” in Europe. You
learn something every day.
Ontario and the Great Lakes area being one of those glacial bottlenecks,
when Century Lake emerged from the glacier that covered the part of North
America now northern Ontario, walleye as we know them were ready and waiting to
live in it. Walleye had 10.4 million
years, give or take a few I’m sure, to perfect themselves before taking up
residence in Century Lake.
The final piece of this puzzle not explained is how and when
fishermen arrived. How did we get there,
other than the obvious and smartass answer “by plane”? As it turns out man is
by far the biggest newcomer. Here’s that
story in a nutshell.
Somewhere a sturgeon is laughing. 256 mya sturgeons were the same as sturgeons today.
At that time the closest thing to
man was a mammal like egg laying reptile.
It would take another 36 million years for an animal with a constant
body temperature and milk glands to evolve up.
Finally at 85-65 mya (what’s 20 million years?) a flying lemur that lived
high in the forest canopy and only came out at night showed up with digits that
grasp and was hailed as the ancestor of primates. 65 mya ago and man’s ancestors are not yet
down from the trees. Skip forward.
·
25 mya Your
old world monkeys and apes show up
· 10 mya Chimps
and bonobos join the party
· 7 mya Something
different with a larnyx appears-Hominina
·
3.6 mya A hominid foot print found in
Kenya means it walked upright
·
2.8 mya Homo Habilus, with less body hair uses stone tools
·
1.5 mya Homo Ergaster controls fire (1.3M years to figure out fire?)
500 ka (500,000 years ago) Neanderthal appears
500 ka (500,000 years ago) Neanderthal appears
· 160 ka Homo Sapiens evolve, and learn to FISH
·
40-25 ka Neanderthal dies out
·
20-16 ka other
humans die out. Homo Sapiens=the
only game in town
Whew. That was a
quick trip through human evolution. But it still doesn’t get people to Century
Lake. That didn’t happen for a while. If experts are right about this (and who am I
to argue?) man began in Africa and made his way to Asia and Europe a relatively
short time later. North American human
habitation? Probably after that,
16,500-11,000 years ago. The most
popular theory is the land bridge deal. You know this one too. It was damned cold. Water was sucked up into ice formations, the
sea retreated, human beings could walk from Asia to North America across a
1,000 km. wide strip of land (roughly where the Aleutian islands now are)
without the sea in their way, and they did.
You saw a drawing of them in your social studies book. People wrapped in animal skins, snow blowing
around them, walking into a new land.
That theory is pretty well nailed down these days. In 2007 a DNA test concluded that virtually
all North American indigenous people share the genetic code of Eastern
Siberians. Tough boogers those early men and women, and adventurous
besides. They could have been looking
for someplace warmer, but most likely it was a quest for better fishing. That is the McClure theory by the way, with
absolutely no evidence of any kind to back it up.
Those that made their way to Ontario 9,000-8,000 years ago
were later known as the Cree, Algonquin, and Sioux people. When you travel to Northern Ontario you are
well aware of their presence. Although
they lost control of their country and their culture was forever altered as a
people they maintain their native rights to fish and trap the lakes and rivers
that are leased from the Canadian government by individuals and companies(primarily
white people) to promote the tourism and sport fishing industry. On Job Lake we put our boat on shore one day
to stretch our legs and look at a campsite local native people established
there and no doubt frequent when the season is over.
On previous trips to other lakes in North Ontario we have
seen native trapper’s cabins jammed with steel leg traps and other gear. In the wilderness of North Ontario I feel as
if I am trespassing on native land.
South Ontario is much different. The southern portion of the province has
cities like Toronto and Ottawa. The land
is arable and farms dominate the countryside.
But both people and soil thin out dramatically as you head north towards
Hudson Bay. Our band of fisherman cross
the border at International Falls and go north stopping at Dryden on the Trans Canada
highway to buy groceries. In the 216
kilometer 2 1/2 hour drive from there to
Red Lake we encounter no more towns and few farms. 90% of Canadians, it is said, live within 100
miles of their border with the U.S. I’m
not sure there would be a road North to Red Lake if it wasn’t for the gold. Red Lake is one of the world’s most prolific
gold mining districts. In 2015 the area
produced 375,700 ounces of high quality gold.
The town of Red Lake, now with a population of 4,700, boomed
in 1926 with the discovery of gold. In
addition to gold mining and light logging Red Lake has become as an air hub for
fishermen, canoeists and kayakers exploring the wilderness inside and out of Woodland
Caribou Provincial Park. The highway
essentially ends at Red Lake, though a dead end spur goes west to more mining sites.
Here’s the good news.
The miners, and the French and British fur trappers and loggers that
came 300 years before them, though changing forever the life and culture of
native peoples, appear to have done little damage to the land and lakes of North
Ontario. Henry Hudson claimed the region
in 1611 and in 1670 the British Government essentially honored that claim granting
the Hudson Bay Company free rein to develop the area. But they did little. Historically it seems in North America an
area’s best protection against the rape, pillage, and exploitation of white men
occurred when white people couldn’t figure out a way to wring money from a
locale. They took out a lot of beaver
and mink. But the mining industry is
interested only in what can be extracted from shafts deep below the beauty of
the Red Lake district. The wilderness
with its Pre Cambrian rock shield, pine forests, remote lakes, the walleye, the
moose, the bears, the ducks are relatively safe I think. Unless I’m wrong no more roads are slated for
construction. The fishermen are growing old
from what I observe. If a huge boom in
flights to fly in fishing camps occurs in the future among young people I would
be very surprised. There’s no Wi Fi up
there, or cell phone service of any kind.
Besides, the camps are equipped with outhouses. They manage to get lake water running to a faucet
in the cabin but flush toilets and septics are safely out of reach. They’re not going to build a Hilton up
there. Thank God.
And the white people flying into the lakes, an industry that
began in earnest after World War II with the development of safe nimble airplanes,
barely scratch the surface of history.
60 some years of fishing from May to September? I think it has altered the area little. Our group, American immigrants of Scotch
Irish, German, Norwegian, Mexican, and assorted lineages were mere visitors to
the wilderness for seven days. Hardly a
blink in the enormity of time. In that
gym illustration of the history of the earth we would be a barely visible. A slender streak of color drawn by a Sharpie.
I don’t think we matter much in the grand scheme of Century Lake. I hope not.
I think of Century Lake now when I’m home. The ducks (Buffleheads? Mergansers? We’ll
never know now) will be flying south soon along with the loons. The Whiskey Jack, cousins of the Blue Jay, whom
we fed peanuts in the shell on the deck railing, will stop hanging around the
cabin and go back to the woods where they’ll hunker down for the winter.
The ground hog that lived under the cabin, the squirrels,
the wolves we heard howling at the Northern Lights, will prepare for the coming
cold. Bears will hibernate. The walleye will slow down and spread out in
the lake but live comfortably under the ice and snow that will cover the
surface of the lake, as they have in that lake for how long? 5 million years? In the spring when the ice goes out they will
school up, be ravenous, spawn, and get fat s the days get long. Occasionally during a few months of summer out
of shape fishermen will pull old boats off the sand, catch walleye but let them
go, and leave laughing. It’s life. I hope it goes on forever.